Korean Reading 300 - 003

Hi, everyone. This is the second lecture of Korean Reading 300. All right, let’s start with the first sentence of the second paragraph.

The first sentence is 바깥이 추우면 왜 콧물이 흐르는가? Why does your nose run when it's cold outside? 바깥 is ‘outside’, and 이 is the subjective case, and the next word, 추우면 can be divided into two words, 추운, and 이면. 추운 is an adjective, and its meaning is ‘cold’, and 이면 is a conditional conjunction, which is the same as ‘if’, or ‘when’. So, 바깥이 추우면 is ‘when it’s cold outside’, right? The final sound, ㄴ is eliminated, and the letter, 이 is also removed, so we can make the word, 추우면. And the word, 왜 is an interrogative adverb, ‘why’, and 콧물 is ‘snot’, and 이 is the subjective case. And 흐르는가 came from 흐르다, which means ‘to flow’, and 다 is replaced with 는가 in order to make an interrogative sentence. By the way, 콧물이 흐르다 is the same as ‘Someone’s nose runs’, so 왜 콧물이 흐르는가 is ‘Why does your nose run?’ So, the first sentence, 바깥이 추우면 왜 콧물이 흐르는가? is Why does your nose run when it's cold outside?

The second sentence is 감기에 걸렸기 때문일까? 아니다. Is it because you have had a cold? No. 감기 is a noun, and its meaning is ‘cold’, and the expression 감기에 걸리다 is ‘to have a cold’, and 감기에 걸렸다 is both the past tense, and the present perfect tense as you can see the double ㅅ[si-ot], which I mentioned at the previous lecture, right? And the next expression 기 때문일까 is substituted for the letter, 다 in 걸렸다. Actually, 기 때문이다 is the conjunction, ‘because’, but 이다 is replaced with 일까 in order to make an interrogative sentence, so 감기에 걸렸기 때문일까? is ‘Is it because you have had a cold?’ And 아니다 is the same as ‘No’ in English.

 

The third sentence is 흐르는 콧물이 반드시 감기에 걸린 것을 의미하는 것은 아니다. A running nose doesn't necessarily mean that you have a cold. As I said at the first sentence, 흐르다 is ‘to flow’, but if we replace the last letter, 다 with 는, this has become an adjective modifying the noun behind it. As I have said before at the vocabulary 10,000 Project, all the verbs of Korean language end with the letter, 다. In short, if you replace the letter, 다 of the verb with 는, the verb can be changed into an adjective. So, 콧물이 흐르다 is ‘Your nose runs’, and 흐르는 콧물 is ‘a running nose’, and 이 is the subjective case. 반드시 is actually an adverb, which means ‘absolutely, certainly, or necessarily’, but if 반드시 is used combined with 것은 아니다, which means ‘not’, this expression is the partial negation, so 반드시 의미하는 것은 아니다 is ‘doesn’t necessarily mean that’. And 감기에 걸린 것 is the form of the noun clause, so its meaning is ‘that you have a cold’, and 을 is the objective case, which indicates 감기에 걸린 것 is the object of the verb, 의미하다, which is the same as ‘to mean’. So, 흐르는 콧물이 반드시 감기에 걸린 것을 의미하는 것은 아니다. A running nose doesn't necessarily mean that you have a cold.

The fourth sentence is 코 안에는 콧물이라는 점액이 있다. On the inside of your nose is mucus which is called snot. 코 is ‘nose’, and 안에는 is ‘on the inside of’, and 콧물 is ‘snot’, and 이라는 is the same as ‘which is called’, and 점액 is ‘mucus’, so 콧물이라는 점액 is ‘mucus which is called snot’, right? And 이 is the subjective case. And the final word, 있다 is ‘to exist’, so 점액이 있다 is ‘There is mucus’, right? So, 코 안에는 콧물이라는 점액이 있다. On the inside of your nose is mucus which is called snot.

 

The fifth sentence is 콧물은 숨을 쉴 때 공기 중에 있는 먼지를 흡수한다. Snot absorbs dust in the air when you breathe. The subject of this sentence is 콧물, which is ‘snot’, and the verb of this sentence is 흡수한다, which means ‘to absorb’, so 콧물은 흡수한다 is ‘Snot absorbs’, and 숨을 쉴 때 is ‘when you breathe’, 숨 is a noun, and its meaning is ‘breath’, and 숨쉬다, or 숨을 쉬다 is ‘to breathe’, but if you place ㄹ under 쉬, and place 때 behind it, this ㄹ 때 indicates the conjunction, ‘when’, so 숨을 쉴 때 is ‘when you breathe’. And 공기 is ‘air’, and 중에 있는 is ‘in the middle of’, and 먼지 is ‘dust’, so 공기 중에 있는 먼지 is ‘dust in the air’, right? And 를 is the objcetive case. And as I said, 흡수한다 is the verb of this sentence, and its meaning is ‘to absorb’. As you can see, in Korean language, all the verbs are located to the end of all the sentences. On the other hand, in English, all the verbs are placed next to the subjects, so it’s kind of difficult for English users to identify the order of words in Korean language. For that reason, I try hard to explain the difference in detail in order for you to understand it. Anyway, 콧물은 숨을 쉴 때 공기 중에 있는 먼지를 흡수한다. Snot absorbs dust in the air when you breathe.

 

The sixth sentence is 이것은 먼지가 몸속으로 들어가는 것을 방지한다. This prevents dirt from going into your body. 이것 is ‘this’, and 은 is the subjective case. 먼지 is ‘dust’, and 가 is also the subjective case. As I said at the previous sentence, This sentence has two sets of subjects and verbs. 이것은 is the subject of 방지한다, which means ‘to prevent’, and 먼지가 is the subject of 들어가는, whose original form is 들어가다, and its meaning is ‘to go into, or enter’. Now, we will make two sentences respectively. 이것은 방지한다, This prevents. 먼지가 들어간다, Dust goes into. Into where? 몸속으로, which means ‘into your body’, 몸 is ‘body’, and 속 is ‘inside’, and 으로 is ‘to’, so 몸속으로 is ‘into your body’. And the reason why 들어가다 is changed into 들어가는 것 is 는 것 is used in order to make a noun phrase, or clause. All right, to sum up, 이것은 먼지가 몸속으로 들어가는 것을 방지한다. This prevents dirt from going into your body.

 

The seventh sentence is 콧물은 또한 당신이 호흡하는 공기를 더 축축하게 만든다. Snot also makes the air you breathe wetter. 은 is the subjective case, and 또한 is an adverb, and its meaning is ‘also’, and 당신 is ‘you’. And 호흡하는 came from 호흡하다, which means ‘to breathe’. However, we must pay attention to the letter, 는. This letter, 는 is used in order to modify the noun behind it, 공기, which means ‘air’. So, 당신이 호흡하는 공기 is ‘the air you breathe’, and 를 is the objective case. and the letter, 더 is used for comparative degree, which means 더 is placed in front of all the adjective, or adverb, indicating comparative degree. So, 축축한 is an adjective, ‘wet’, and 축축하게 is actually ‘wetly’, and 더 축축한 is ‘wetter’, and 더 축축하게 is ‘more wetly’, right? However, as you can see, even though we Koreans use the adverb in this sentence, I mean 더 축축하게, in English sentence, there is grammatical reason you use an adjective, wetter because ‘wet’ must be placed as the objective case complement of the verb, make, right? Anyway, the final word, 만든다 is ‘to make’. So, 콧물은 또한 당신이 호흡하는 공기를 더 축축하게 만든다. Snot also makes the air you breathe wetter.

 

The eighth sentence is 이것은 목구멍과 폐를 보호하는 데 도움을 준다. This helps to protect your throat and lungs. 이것 is ‘this’, and 은 is the subjective case. 목구멍 is ‘throat’, and this is compound word, which means 목 is ‘neck’, and 구멍 is ‘hole’, so 목구멍 is ‘throat’. And 과 is ‘and’, and 폐 is ‘lung’, and 를 is the objective case. 보호하는 came from 보호하다, which means ‘to protect’, and 다 is replaced with 는 in order to modify the letter, 데. The letter, 데 actually has three meanings, the place, the part, and the fact. And in this sentence, by the context, this indicates the second, the part, or aspect. And the final word, 도움을 준다 is ‘to help’, so 이것은 도움을 준다 is ‘This helps’, and 이것은 보호하는 데 도움을 준다 is ‘This helps to protect’, and 이것은 목구멍과 폐를 보호하는 데 도움을 준다. This helps to protect your throat and lungs.

The ninth sentence is 공기가 차고 건조할수록 더 많은 콧물이 필요하다. The colder and drier the air is, the more snot you need. The first expression, 공기가 차고 건조할수록 is kind of tricky, but listen carefully, you can master this, all right? 공기 is ‘air’, and 가 is the subjective case. And 차고 can be divided into two words, 차다 and the letter, 고. when 차다 is a verb, its meaning is ‘to kick’. I explained it at the Vocabulary 10,000 Project. It is in the second lecture, number 23. Check it out later, OK? But, when 차다 is an adjective, its meaning is ‘cold’, and is also used as 차갑다, 차가운. And the letter, 고 means ‘and’. 건조하다 is also an adjective, and its meaning is ‘dry’, and ㄹ수록 means ‘as someone or something does more’, so 공기가 차고 건조할수록 is ‘The colder and drier the air is’. And as I said, the letter, 더 is comparative degree, and 많은 is ‘many, or much’, so 더 많은 is ‘the more’, and 필요하다 is ‘to need’. So, 공기가 차고 건조할수록 더 많은 콧물이 필요하다. The colder and drier the air is, the more snot you need.

 

The tenth sentence is 그래서 겨울에 코는 많은 양의 콧물을 만들어낼 필요가 있다. So in the winter your nose needs to make lots of snot. 그래서 is ‘Therefore, or so’, and 겨울 is ‘winter’, and the letter, 에 is a kind of postposition equal to ‘in’ in English, so 겨울에 is ‘in the winter’ The letter, 양 is ‘amount’, so 많은 양의 콧물 is ‘lots of snot’, and 을 is the objective case. And 만들다, or 만들어내다 is ‘to make’, and 필요가 있다 is ‘to need’. If we combine these two verbs, we can say 만들 필요가 있다, or 만들어낼 필요가 있다, which is the same as ‘need to make’. 그래서 겨울에 코는 많은 양의 콧물을 만들어낼 필요가 있다. So, in the winter your nose needs to make lots of snot.

 

The eleventh sentence is 너무 많은 콧물이 있으면 그것은 갈 데가 없다. When there is too much snot, it doesn't have anywhere to go. 너무 is ‘too’, and 많은 is ‘much’, so 너무 많은 콧물 is ‘too much snot’, and we learned 있다 at the fourth sentence, do you remember? 있다 is ‘to exist’, so 너무 많은 콧물이 있다 is ‘There is too much snot’, right? And the letter, 면 represents the conditional conjunction, ‘if, or when’. We also learned this at the first sentence, right? So, 너무 많은 콧물이 있으면 is ‘When there is too much snot’. 그것 is ‘it’, and 은 is the subjective case, and the fianl word is 갈 데가 없다. 가다 is ‘to go’, and 다 is removed and ㄹ is placed under 가 in order to modify the noun behind it, 데. As I said at the eighth sentence, the letter, 데 actually has three meanings, the place, the part, and the fact. In this sentence, 데 is ‘the place’, so 갈 데 is ‘the place to go’, and 없다 is ‘There is no’, or ‘to have nothing’. So, 너무 많은 콧물이 있으면 그것은 갈 데가 없다. When there is too much snot, it doesn't have anywhere to go.

 

The twelfth sentence is 그래서 그것이 코에서 흘러나오는 것이다. So, it runs out of your nose. We learned 그래서, 그것이, and 코, right? And 에서 is a kind of postposition which is the same as ‘from, or out of’ in English. 흘러나오는 것이다 came from 흘러나오다, and 흘러나오다 came from 흐르다. As you can remember, 흐르다 is ‘to flow’, and 흘러나오다 is ‘to flow out’, and 는 것이다 is the predicate form. 그래서 그것이 코에서 흘러나오는 것이다. So, it runs out of your nose.

All right, we gonna go over the whole paragraph. Are you ready? Here we go.

바깥이 추우면 왜 콧물이 흐르는가? 감기에 걸렸기 때문일까? 아니다. 흐르는 콧물이 반드시 감기에 걸린 것을 의미하는 것은 아니다. 코 안에는 콧물이라는 점액이 있다. 콧물은 숨을 쉴 때 공기 중에 있는 먼지를 흡수한다. 이것은 먼지가 몸속으로 들어가는 것을 방지한다. 콧물은 또한 당신이 호흡하는 공기를 더 축축하게 만든다. 이것은 목구멍과 폐를 보호하는 데 도움을 준다. 공기가 차고 건조할수록 더 많은 콧물이 필요하다. 그래서 겨울에 코는 많은 양의 콧물을 만들어낼 필요가 있다. 너무 많은 콧물이 있으면 그것은 갈 데가 없다. 그래서 그것이 코에서 흘러나오는 것이다.

Why does your nose run when it's cold outside? Is it because you have had a cold? No. A running nose doesn't necessarily mean that you have a cold. On the inside of your nose is mucus which is called snot. Snot absorbs dust in the air when you breathe. This prevents dirt from going into your body. Snot also makes the air you breathe wetter. This helps to protect your throat and lungs. The colder and drier the air is, the more snot you need. So, in the winter your nose needs to make lots of snot. When there is too much snot, it doesn't have anywhere to go. So, it runs out of your nose.

003

Hi, everyone. This is the third lecture of Korean Reading 300. All right, let’s start with the first sentence of the second paragraph.

The first sentence is 당신의 모든 감각들은 당신이 많은 것들을 기억하도록 도와준다. All your senses help you to remember many things. 당신의 is ‘your’, and 모든 is ‘all’, and 감각 is ‘sense’, and the letter, 들 means plural, so 당신의 모든 감각 is ‘all your senses’, and these three words function as the subject of the sentence, so 은 is the subjective case. 많은 is ‘many’, and 것 is ‘a thing’, and 것들 is ‘things’ as plural, so 많은 것들 is ‘many things’, right? And 을 is the objective case, and there are two verbs left, 기억하도록, and 도와준다. 기억하다 is ‘to remember’, and the verb of the subject, 당신이. And 도와준다 is ‘to help’, and the verb of the subject, 당신의 모든 감각들. And the reason why 기억하다 is changed into 기억하도록 is the letters, 도록 is a connecting ending that is attached to the verb's or some adjective's edge, indicating that the preceding content is the purpose, result, method, degree of the event pointed from the back. So, 당신의 모든 감각들은 도와준다 is ‘All your senses help’, and 당신이 기억하도록 is ‘you to remember’, so 당신의 모든 감각들은 당신이 기억하도록 도와준다 is ‘All your senses help you to remember’, right? And remember what? 많은 것들을, many things, this is the object of the verb, ‘remember’. So, 당신의 모든 감각들은 당신이 많은 것들을 기억하도록 도와준다. All your senses help you to remember many things.

The second sentence is 그러나 당신의 후각이 당신에게 가장 많은 것을 기억하게 할 수 있다. But your sense of smell can make you remember the most. 그러나 is ‘but’, and 후각 is ‘sense of smell’, and 이 is the subjcetive case. And 당신에게 is ‘you’, and 가장 is the superlative modifier of all adjectives or adverbs, so 가장 많은 것 is ‘the most’, right? And 기억하게 할 수 있다 is ‘can make somebody remember’, so 당신에게 기억하게 할 수 있다 is ‘make you remember’, and 가장 많은 것 is the object of the verb, 기억하다. So, 그러나 당신의 후각이 당신에게 가장 많은 것을 기억하게 할 수 있다. But your sense of smell can make you remember the most.

 

The third sentence is 한 가지 이유는 냄새가 보이는 것이나 소리와는 다르게 당신의 기억 속으로 들어가기 때문이다. One reason is that smells go into your memory in a different way from sights or sounds. 한 is ‘one’, and 가지 is ‘a kind, or sort’, and 이유 is ‘reason’, and 는 is the subjective case, so 한 가지 이유 is the subject of this sentence, and its meaning is ‘one reason’. 냄새 is ‘smell’, and 가 is also the subjective case, so the subject of the verb, 들어가다, which means ‘to enter, or go into’, and there is the expression between them, 보이는 것이나 소리와는 다르게. This is an adverb phrase modifying the verb, 들어가다. 보이는 것 is ‘sights’, and 이나 is ‘or’, and 소리 is ‘sound’, and 와는 다르게 is ‘in a different way from’, so 보이는 것이나 소리와는 다르게 is ‘in a different way from sights or sounds’. And 기억 is ‘memory’, and 속으로 is ‘into’, so 당신의 기억 속으로 is ‘into your memory’. And finally, 들어가다 is changed into 들어가기 때문이다. 기 때문이다 is a kind of predicate form indicating ‘because’. So, 한 가지 이유는 냄새가 보이는 것이나 소리와는 다르게 당신의 기억 속으로 들어가기 때문이다. One reason is that smells go into your memory in a different way from sights or sounds.

 

The fourth sentence is 후각 기억은 감정을 조절하는 뇌의 부분으로 들어간다. Smell memories go to a part of the brain that controls feelings. As I said, 후각 is ‘sense of smell’, and 기억 is ‘memory’, so 후각 기억 is ‘smell memories’, and 은 is the subjective case. 감정 is ‘emotion, or feelings’, and 을 is the objective case. 조절하는 came from 조절하다, which means ‘to control, or regulate’, and 다 is replaced with 는 in order to modify 뇌의 부분, which means ‘a part of the brain’. 뇌 is ‘brain’, and 의 is a genitive case, and 부분 is ‘a part’, so 뇌의 부분 is ‘a part of the brain’, right? And 으로 is ‘to’, and we learned 들어가다, which means ‘to enter, or go into’, right? And 들어가다 is changed into 들어간다 in order to express a predicate of the sentence. So, 후각 기억은 감정을 조절하는 뇌의 부분으로 들어간다. Smell memories go to a part of the brain that controls feelings.

 

The fifth sentence is 뇌의 이 부분에 있는 기억들은 오랫동안 남아 있다. Memories in this part of the brain remain for a long time. The subject of this sentence is a little bit longer than others. 의 is a genitive case, and 이 is ‘this’, so 뇌의 이 부분 is ‘this part of the brain’. And 에 있는 is the same as ‘in’, and 기억 is ‘memory’, and 들 means plural, so 기억들 is ‘memories’, right? So, these five words are used as the subject of the sentence. 뇌의 이 부분에 있는 기억들은 is ‘Memories in this part of the brain’. And 오랫동안 is ‘for a long time’, and 남아 있다 is the verb of this sentence, and its meaning is ‘to remain’. So, 뇌의 이 부분에 있는 기억들은 오랫동안 남아 있다. Memories in this part of the brain remain for a long time.

 

The sixth sentence is 실험들에서 과학자들은 냄새에 대한 기억들이 시간이 지남에 따라 약해지지 않는다는 것을 알아냈다. In tests, scientists found that memories of smells don't get weaker as time passes. 실험 is ‘experiment, or test’, and as you know cause I said several times before, 들 means plural, and 에서 is ‘in’, so 실험들에서 is ‘in tests’. And 과학자 is ‘scientist’, and this is the subject of the sentence, and its corresponding verb is located to the end, 알아냈다, which means ‘found’, and its original form is 알아내다, ‘to find’. And 알아냈다 is the past tense form of 알아내다. And there is another set of subject and verb, 냄새에 대한 기억들 is the subject and 약해지지 않는다 is the verb. 냄새 is ‘smell’, and 에 대한 is ‘of’, so 냄새에 대한 기억들 is ‘memories of smells’, and 약해지다 is ‘get weaker’, and 지 않다 is the negation form of the verb, so 약해지다 is ‘get weaker’, and 약해지지 않다 is ‘don’t get weaker’. So, let’s sum up these two sets of the subject and verb. 과학자들은 냄새에 대한 기억들이 약해지지 않는다는 것을 알아냈다 is ‘Scientists found that memories of smells don’t get weaker’. And now, there is one expression left, which is 시간이 지남에 따라. 시간 is ‘time’, and 지남에 따라 came from 지나다, which means ‘to pass’, but if you place ㅁ under 나, and place 에 따라, 지나다 is changed into 지남에 따라. This ㅁ에 따라 is similar to ‘as’ in English, so 시간이 지남에 따라 is ‘as time passes’. So, 실험들에서 과학자들은 냄새에 대한 기억들이 시간이 지남에 따라 약해지지 않는다는 것을 알아냈다. In tests, scientists found that memories of smells don't get weaker as time passes.

 

The seventh sentence is 실제로 어른들이 어렸을 때 먹었던 음식들의 냄새를 맡으면 그 냄새가 종종 그들에게 자신들의 어린 시절을 기억하게 만든다. In fact, when adults smell foods they had when they were young, the smells often make them remember their childhood. 실제로 is ‘in fact, or actually’, and 어른 is ‘adult’, and I’m sure you know the letters, 들 and 이 since you have heard them many times, right? 어렸을 때 is ‘when they were young’, 어리다 is an adjective, and its meaning is ‘young’, and 어렸다 is the past tense form, and 을 때 is the same as the conjunction, ‘when’, and 먹었던 came from 먹었다, which is the past tense form of 먹다, and its meaning is ‘to eat’, but if we replace the letter, 다 with 던, this 먹었던 modifies noun 음식, which means ‘food’, so 어른들이 어렸을 때 먹었던 음식 is ‘foods they had when they were young’. And 의 냄새를 맡다 is ‘to smell’, and the letter, 다 is changed into 으면 in order to express a conditional conjunction, ‘if, or when’, so 어른들이 냄새를 맡으면 is ‘when adults smell’, so 어른들이 어렸을 때 먹었던 음식들의 냄새를 맡으면 is ‘when adults smell foods they had when they were young’. 그 is ‘the’, and 냄새 is ‘smell’, and 가 is the subjective case, and 종종 is an adverb, and its meaning is ‘often’, and 그들에게 is used as ‘them’, and 자신들의 is ‘their’, and 어린 시절 is ‘childhood’, and 기억하게 만든다 is ‘to make somebody remember’, so 그들에게 자신들의 어린 시절을 기억하게 만든다 is ‘make them remember their childhood’. So, 실제로 어른들이 어렸을 때 먹었던 음식들의 냄새를 맡으면 그 냄새가 종종 그들에게 자신들의 어린 시절을 기억하게 만든다. In fact, when adults smell foods they had when they were young, the smells often make them remember their childhood.

All right, we gonna go over the whole paragraph. Are you ready? Here we go.

당신의 모든 감각들은 당신이 많은 것들을 기억 할 수 있도록 도와준다. 그러나 당신의 후각이 당신에게 가장 많은 것을 기억하게 할 수 있다. 한 가지 이유는 냄새가 보이는 것이나 소리와는 다르게 당신의 기억 속으로 들어가기 때문이다. 후각 기억은 감정을 조절하는 뇌의 부분으로 들어간다. 뇌의 이 부분에 있는 기억들은 오랫동안 남아 있다. 실험들에서 과학자들은 냄새에 대한 기억들이 시간이 지남에 따라 약해지지 않는다는 것을 알아냈다. 실제로 어른들이 어렸을 때 먹었던 음식들의 냄새를 맡으면 그 냄새가 종종 그들에게 자신들의 어린 시절을 기억하게 만든다.

All your senses help you to remember many things. But your sense of smell can make you remember the most. One reason is that smells go into your memory in a different way from sights or sounds. Smell memories go to a part of the brain that controls feelings. Memories in this part of the brain remain for a long time. In tests, scientists found that memories of smells don't get weaker as time passes. In fact, when adults smell foods they had when they were young, the smells often make them remember their childhood.