Hi, everyone. This is the one hundred and first lecture of Korean Reading 300. The paragraphs of the intermediate section, which is composed of 101 to 200, have rather long sentences. So, they seem to be kind of tricky, but don’t worry, I will explain them in great detail. All right, let’s start with the first sentence of the one hundred and first paragraph.
The first sentence is 45μ΅λ
μ΄ λ μ§κ΅¬μμ μ°λ¦¬μ μ‘΄μ¬μ λ²μλ₯Ό νμ
νκΈ° μν ν¨κ³Όμ μΈ λ°©λ²μ κ°λ¨ν μ€νμ μννλ κ²μΌ κ²μ΄λ€. An effective way of grasping the scope of our existence on the four and a half billion-year-old Earth would be to conduct a simple experiment. 45[sa-sib-o]μ΅λ
is ‘four and a half billion years’. As we Koreans have had a different numerical digit system, the unit, μ΅ is the same as ‘a hundred million’, and the letter, λ
is ‘a year’. And the letter, μ΄ λ indicates ‘how old it is’, and μ§κ΅¬ is ‘Earth’. So, 45μ΅λ
μ΄ λ μ§κ΅¬ is ‘the four and a half billion-year-old Earth’, right? And μμ is the same as ‘on’ in English. And μ°λ¦¬μ is ‘our’, and μ‘΄μ¬ is ‘existence’, and μ is a genitive case. And λ²μ is ‘scope’, and λ₯Ό is the objective case, and νμ
νκΈ° μν came from νμ
νλ€, which means ‘to grasp, or understand’, and the letter, λ€ is replaced with κΈ° μν, which means ‘for the purpose of’, and this functions as the modifier of the noun behind it, ν¨κ³Όμ μΈ λ°©λ². ν¨κ³Όμ μΈ is an adjective and its meaning is ‘effiective’, and λ°©λ² is a noun, and its meaning is ‘way, or method’, so νμ
νκΈ° μν ν¨κ³Όμ μΈ λ°©λ² is ‘an effective way of grasping’, and μ°λ¦¬μ μ‘΄μ¬μ λ²μλ₯Ό νμ
νκΈ° μν ν¨κ³Όμ μΈ λ°©λ² is ‘an effective way of grasping the scope of our existence’, and finally this is the whole chunk of the subject of this sentence. 45μ΅λ
μ΄ λ μ§κ΅¬μμ μ°λ¦¬μ μ‘΄μ¬μ λ²μλ₯Ό νμ
νκΈ° μν ν¨κ³Όμ μΈ λ°©λ² is ‘an effective way of grasping the scope of our existence on the four and a half billion-year-old Earth’ This is so long that it seems to be overwhelming to get, but in Korean language, there is a very important grammatical rule, which is simpler than any other language. All the modifiers should be placed in front of the target words, which means they are never ever placed behind them. So, as you can see, the subject of this sentence, λ°©λ² is placed to the end of this subject chunk, right? And μ is the subjective case, and κ°λ¨ν is ‘simple’, and μ€ν is ‘experiment’, and μ is the objective case, and μννλ κ² is the noun form of μννλ€, which means ‘to conduct, or perform, or carry out something’. And the predicate, μ΄λ€ is changed into the expression, μΌ κ²μ΄λ€. λ€ is removed and γΉ is placed under μ΄ and κ²μ΄λ€ is placed behind. This γΉ κ²μ΄λ€ is an abstract expression of things, work, phenomenon, etc, so this is the same as ‘would be’. So, κ°λ¨ν μ€νμ μννλ κ²μΌ κ²μ΄λ€ is ‘would be to conduct a simple experiment’. All right, let’s put these two parts together, Okay?
45μ΅λ
μ΄ λ μ§κ΅¬μμ μ°λ¦¬μ μ‘΄μ¬μ λ²μλ₯Ό νμ
νκΈ° μν ν¨κ³Όμ μΈ λ°©λ²μ κ°λ¨ν μ€νμ μννλ κ²μΌ κ²μ΄λ€. An effective way of grasping the scope of our existence on the four and a half billion-year-old Earth would be to conduct a simple experiment.
The second sentence is κ·Έμ λΉμ μ νλ€μ κ·Έκ²λ€μ μ΅λ λ²μκΉμ§ λ»κ³ κ·Έ λλΉλ₯Ό μ°λ¦¬ νμ±μ μ 체 μμ¬λ‘ κ·Έλ €λ³΄μλΌ. Simply stretch your arms to their fullest extent and picture the width as the entire history of our planet. κ·Έμ is an adverb, and its meaning is ‘without doing anything else, or just, or simply’, and λΉμ μ is ‘your’, and ν is ‘arm’, and λ€ means plural, and μ is the subjective case, and κ·Έκ²λ€μ is ‘their’, and μ΅λ means ‘highest, or superlative level’, and λ²μ is ‘scope, or extent’, so μ΅λ λ²μ is ‘the fullest extent’, right? And the postposition, κΉμ§ is ‘until, or to’, so κ·Έκ²λ€μ μ΅λ λ²μκΉμ§ is ‘to their fullest extent’, and λ»κ³ came from λ»λ€, which means ‘to stretch’, but the letter, λ€ is replaced with κ³ , which means ‘and’, and κ·Έ is ‘the’, and λλΉ is ‘width’, and μ°λ¦¬ is ‘our’, and νμ± is ‘planet’, and μ is a genitive case. And μ 체 is ‘entire’, and μμ¬ is ‘history’, and the postposition, λ‘ is ‘as’ in English. So, μ°λ¦¬ νμ±μ μ 체 μμ¬ is ‘the entire history of our planet’. And the final word, κ·Έλ €λ³΄μλΌ, this is an imperative predicate, and came from κ·Έλ €λ³΄λ€, this word has double meanings, the first one is ‘to draw’, and the second is ‘to picture in your mind’. In this sentence, by the context, this is the second one, right? So, κ·Έμ λΉμ μ νλ€μ κ·Έκ²λ€μ μ΅λ λ²μκΉμ§ λ»κ³ κ·Έ λλΉλ₯Ό μ°λ¦¬ νμ±μ μ 체 μμ¬λ‘ κ·Έλ €λ³΄μλΌ. Simply stretch your arms to their fullest extent and picture the width as the entire history of our planet.
The third sentence is μ΄ λ²μμμ, ν μμ μκ°λ½ λμμλΆν° λ€λ₯Έ μͺ½μ μλͺ©κΉμ§μ κ±°λ¦¬κ° μ μΊλΈλ¦¬μλ —μ¦, μ§κ΅¬μ μ§κ°μ΄ νμ±λκ³ μμ μλͺ
μ²΄κ° μ²μ λ°λ€μ μΆννλ κΈ°κ°μ΄λ€. On this scale, the distance from the fingertips of one hand to the wrist of the other is Precambrian - that is, the period during which the Earth’s crust formed and primitive life first appeared in the seas. This is the longest sentence, but if you pay a little attention, and listen to me, it will not be so hard, Okay? All right, the subject and the verb of this sentence are 거리, and μ΄λ€. As you can see the subjective case, κ°, the noun, 거리, which means ‘distance’, is the subject, and all the words in front of it are the modifiers as I said at the previous sentence, right? And μ΄λ€ is a predicate of being something. And μ μΊλΈλ¦¬μλ is ‘Precambrian’, and this is the complement of the verb, μ΄λ€. And the letter, μ¦ is the same as ‘that is’, and κΈ°κ° is ‘period’.
So the basic frame of this sentence is blah, blah, blah κ±°λ¦¬κ° μ μΊλΈλ¦¬μλ, μ¦ blah, blah, blah κΈ°κ°μ΄λ€, which means ‘the distance blah, blah, blah is Precambrian – that is, the period blah, blah, blah. All right, from now on, let’s get into the modifiers, Okay? μ΄ is ‘this’, and μμ is ‘on’, so μ΄ λ²μμμ is ‘on this scale’, ν μμ μκ°λ½ λμμλΆν° is ‘from the fingertips of one hand’. ν means ‘one’, and μ is ‘hand’, and μ is genitive case. And μκ°λ½ is ‘finger’, and λ is ‘tip, or the end’, and μμλΆν° is ‘from’, so ν μμ μκ°λ½ λμμλΆν° is ‘from the fingertips of one hand’. And λ€λ₯Έ μͺ½μ μλͺ©κΉμ§μ is ‘to the wrist of the other’. λ€λ₯Έ is ‘other’, and the letter, μͺ½ means ‘side, or direction’, and μ is a genitive case, and μλͺ© is ‘wrist’, and κΉμ§μ is ‘to’. So, λ€λ₯Έ μͺ½μ μλͺ©κΉμ§μ is ‘to the wrist of the other’. And μ§κ΅¬μ μ§κ°μ΄ νμ±λκ³ μμ μλͺ
μ²΄κ° μ²μ λ°λ€μ μΆννλ, these eight words are all modifiers of the word, κΈ°κ°. μ§κ΅¬ is ‘Earth’, and μ is a genitive case, and μ§κ° is ‘crust’, and μ΄ is the subjective case. And νμ±λκ³ came from νμ±λλ€, which means ‘to form’, and as I said, the letter, κ³ means ‘and’. And μμ is ‘primitive’, and μλͺ
체 is ‘life, or creature’, and κ° is also the subjective case. And μ²μ is ‘first’, and λ°λ€ is ‘the sea’, and μ is ‘in’, and μΆννλ came from μΆννλ€, which means ‘to appear’, and νλ€ is changed into νλ€, which indicates the past tense, and the letter, λ€ is replaced with λ in order to modify the noun behind it, κΈ°κ°. So, μ§κ΅¬μ μ§κ°μ΄ νμ±λκ³ μμ μλͺ
μ²΄κ° μ²μ λ°λ€μ μΆννλ κΈ°κ° is ‘the period during which the Earth’s crust formed and primitive life first appeared in the seas’. All right, let’s sum up the whole sentence. μ΄ λ²μμμ, ν μμ μκ°λ½ λμμλΆν° λ€λ₯Έ μͺ½μ μλͺ©κΉμ§μ κ±°λ¦¬κ° μ μΊλΈλ¦¬μλ —μ¦, μ§κ΅¬μ μ§κ°μ΄ νμ±λκ³ μμ μλͺ
μ²΄κ° μ²μ λ°λ€μ μΆννλ κΈ°κ°μ΄λ€. On this scale, the distance from the fingertips of one hand to the wrist of the other is Precambrian - that is, the period during which the Earth’s crust formed and primitive life first appeared in the seas.
The fourth sentence is λͺ¨λ 볡μ‘ν μλͺ
체λ ν μ 거리μμ μΈ‘μ λ μ μλ€. All of complex life could be measured in the distance of one hand. λͺ¨λ is ‘all’, and 볡μ‘ν is ‘complex’, and μλͺ
체 is ‘life’, and λ is the subjective case. And ν μ 거리μμ, we addressed these words, right? ‘In the distance of one hand’. And μΈ‘μ λ μ μλ€ came from μΈ‘μ λλ€, which is the passive form of μΈ‘μ νλ€, and its meaning is ‘to measure’, so μΈ‘μ λλ€ is ‘to be measured’, and γΉ μ μλ€ is ‘can, or could’, so μΈ‘μ λ μ μλ€ is ‘could be measured’. So, λͺ¨λ 볡μ‘ν μλͺ
체λ ν μ 거리μμ μΈ‘μ λ μ μλ€. All of complex life could be measured in the distance of one hand.
The fifth sentence is μΈκ° μλͺ
μ μΈ‘μ μ κ΄ν ν, λΉμ μ΄ μ νν μν± μλ‘ μ€κ° κ²°μ μν± μ€μ λ¨ ν λ² μ°λ κ²μΌλ‘, λΉμ μ μΈλ₯ μ 체 μμ¬λ₯Ό κ·Όμ ν κ²μ΄λ€. When it comes to the measurement of human life, with a single stroke of a medium grained nail file over the fingernail of your choice, you would eradicate the entire history of mankind. μΈκ° is ‘human’, and μλͺ
is as I said, ‘life’, and μ is a genitive case, and μΈ‘μ is ‘measurement’, and μ κ΄ν ν is ‘when it comes to’, so μΈκ° μλͺ
μ μΈ‘μ μ κ΄ν ν is ‘when it comes to the measurement of human life’. λΉμ is ‘you’, and μ νν came from μ ννλ€, which means ‘to choose’, and μν± is ‘fingernail’, and μλ‘ is ‘over’, so λΉμ μ΄ μ νν μν± μλ‘ is ‘over the fingernail of your choice’. μ€κ° is ‘medium’, and κ²° is ‘the grain’, and μ is a genitive case. And μν± μ€ is ‘nail file’, so μ€κ° κ²°μ μν± μ€ is ‘a medium grained nail file’, and λ¨ ν λ² is ‘once’, and μ°λ κ² is actually ‘to use’, but by the context, in this sentence, ‘the stroke of nail file’, right? And μΌλ‘ is the same as ‘with’, so λ¨ ν λ² μ°λ κ²μΌλ‘ is ‘with a single stroke of’. μΈλ₯ is ‘mankind’, and μ 체 is ‘whole, or entire’, and μμ¬ is ‘history’, and κ·Όμ ν κ²μ΄λ€ came from κ·Όμ νλ€, which means ‘to eradicate, or annihilate’. And γΉ κ²μ΄λ€ is the same as ‘would’ as I said at the first sentence, right? So, μΈκ° μλͺ
μ μΈ‘μ μ κ΄ν ν, λΉμ μ΄ μ νν μν± μλ‘ μ€κ° κ²°μ μν± μ€μ λ¨ ν λ² μ°λ κ²μΌλ‘, λΉμ μ μΈλ₯ μ 체 μμ¬λ₯Ό κ·Όμ ν κ²μ΄λ€. When it comes to the measurement of human life, with a single stroke of a medium grained nail file over the fingernail of your choice, you would eradicate the entire history of mankind.
The sixth sentence is κ·Έλ¬λ―λ‘, μ‘΄μ¬μ μλν κ³νμμ μΈκ°λ€μ κ·Ήλ―Έν μ‘΄μ¬μ¬ μλ€λ κ²μ λͺ
λ°±νλ€. Therefore, in the grand scheme of existence, it’s evident that humans have been a minute existence. κ·Έλ¬λ―λ‘ is ‘therefore’, and μ‘΄μ¬ is ‘existence’, and μλν is ‘grand’, and κ³ν is ‘plan, or scheme’, and μμ is ‘in’, so μ‘΄μ¬μ μλν κ³νμμ is ‘in the grand scheme of existence’. μΈκ° is ‘human’, and λ€ means plural, and μ is the subjective case. κ·Ήλ―Έν is an adjective, and its meaning is ‘minute’, so κ·Ήλ―Έν μ‘΄μ¬ is ‘a minute existence’, and μ¬ μλ€ is the present perfect tense form of μ΄λ€, which means ‘to be’. So, κ·Ήλ―Έν μ‘΄μ¬μ¬ μλ€ is ‘have been a minute existence’. And λ κ² is the noun form of a clause, so this is the same as a conjunction, that in English. And λͺ
λ°±νλ€ is an adjective, and its meaning is ‘evident’. So, κ·Έλ¬λ―λ‘, μ‘΄μ¬μ μλν κ³νμμ μΈκ°λ€μ κ·Ήλ―Έν μ‘΄μ¬μ¬ μλ€λ κ²μ λͺ
λ°±νλ€. Therefore, in the grand scheme of existence, it’s evident that humans have been a minute existence.
All right, we gonna go over the whole paragraph. Are you ready? Here we go.
45μ΅λ
μ΄ λ μ§κ΅¬μμ μ°λ¦¬μ μ‘΄μ¬μ λ²μλ₯Ό νμ
νκΈ° μν ν¨κ³Όμ μΈ λ°©λ²μ κ°λ¨ν μ€νμ μννλ κ²μΌ κ²μ΄λ€. κ·Έμ λΉμ μ νλ€μ κ·Έκ²λ€μ μ΅λ λ²μκΉμ§ λ»κ³ κ·Έ λλΉλ₯Ό μ°λ¦¬ νμ±μ μ 체 μμ¬λ‘ κ·Έλ €λ³΄μλΌ. μ΄ λ²μμμ, ν μμ μκ°λ½ λμμλΆν° λ€λ₯Έ μͺ½μ μλͺ©κΉμ§μ κ±°λ¦¬κ° μ μΊλΈλ¦¬μλ —μ¦, μ§κ΅¬μ μ§κ°μ΄ νμ±λκ³ μμ μλͺ
μ²΄κ° μ²μ λ°λ€μ μΆννλ κΈ°κ°μ΄λ€. λͺ¨λ 볡μ‘ν μλͺ
체λ ν μ 거리μμ μΈ‘μ λ μ μλ€. μΈκ° μλͺ
μ μΈ‘μ μ κ΄ν ν, λΉμ μ΄ μ νν μν± μλ‘ μ€κ° κ²°μ μν± μ€μ λ¨ ν λ² μ°λ κ²μΌλ‘, λΉμ μ μΈλ₯ μ 체 μμ¬λ₯Ό κ·Όμ ν κ²μ΄λ€. κ·Έλ¬λ―λ‘, μ‘΄μ¬μ μλν κ³νμμ μΈκ°λ€μ κ·Ήλ―Έν μ‘΄μ¬μ¬ μλ€λ κ²μ λͺ
λ°±νλ€.
An effective way of grasping the scope of our existence on the four and a half billion-year-old Earth would be to conduct a simple experiment. Simply stretch your arms to their fullest extent and picture the width as the entire history of our planet. On this scale, the distance from the fingertips of one hand to the wrist of the other is Precambrian - that is, the period during which the Earth’s crust formed and primitive life first appeared in the seas. All of complex life could be measured in the distance of one hand. When it comes to the measurement of human life, with a single stroke of a medium grained nail file over the fingernail of your choice, you would eradicate the entire history of mankind. Therefore, in the grand scheme of existence, it’s evident that humans have been a minute existence.